The Theories Of Pleasure And Ethics - 1544 Words

Where does Pleasure come from? What is your viewpoint on the basis of morality? Pleasure as we all know is some time of feeling of enjoyment or satisfaction. Human beings can be pleasured in many different ways such as mentally or sexually. Everyone has different but shared values of ethics and how happiness is needed to fuel morality itself. Some interesting gentlemen such, Friedrich Nietzsche and John Stuart Mills were important influential philosophers from the early 19th century. I’ll be comparing both philosophers’ theories of pleasure and ethics. Also, I’m going to focusing on the major similarities and differences they individually perceive on both topics. Now let us walk through both of their individual backgrounds to get familiar with their ideas and beliefs on society. German Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was recognized from his writings on religion and how it should be reevaluated in our modern society. He is said to be an immoralist by many and he a lso focused mainly on the theory of the individual. Friedrich analyzed the disintegration of traditional religion practices. His most noticed topic was â€Å"the death of God†. His belief was that human beings should find their true selves, meaning stripping away one’s own identity through self-realization. Nietzsche disagreed having transcending life, such as God, being included. Our British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, was very influential on political discourse in the United Kingdom. Mill was a naturalist,Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics925 Words   |  4 PagesVirtue ethics is a normative theory whose foundations were laid by Aristotle. This theory approaches normative ethics in substantially different ways than consequentialist and deontological theories. In this essay, I will contrast and compare virtue ethics to utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and Kantianism to demonstrate these differences. There is one fundamental aspect of virtue ethics that set s it apart from the other theories I will discuss. For the sake of brevity and to avoid redundancy, I willRead MoreEssay on The Golden Rule in Kant and Mills Ethical Theories1320 Words   |  6 Pages Ethics refers to what people consider good or bad and right or wrong. It is a theory dealing with values that relate to human behaviour; with respect to their actions and purpose. The two most important philosophers that deal with ethics are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Kant’s ethical theory is Kantianism or deontological ethics. Mill’s ethical theory is utilitarianism. Both philosophers’ theories have many differences; Kant’s theory deals with conduct, seeking reason for good action inRead MoreDeontological Theories And Duties Have Existed For Centuries Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesPHIL 242 Section 1010 A.R 8/12/2016 1.) Deontological Ethics Deontological theories and duties have existed for centuries, primarily because of religion. Before philosophers like Immanuel Kant religious beliefs are what kept people from stealing from their neighbor or cheating on their partners. Kant is responsible for developing a deontological theory completely independent of these religious beliefs and moral responsibilities. His moral theory became extremely influential beginning in 1788, focusingRead MoreComparing Political Philosophy Theories1095 Words   |  5 PagesAssociate Level Material Ethical Theory Comparison Chart Respond to the prompt for each of the five ethical theories listed. One section on each chart has been filled in as an example. What is good? (1–2 sentences) Aristotle – Virtue EthicsMill – UtilitarianismKant – DeontologyConsequentialismNodding – Care Ethicswhat would you say is our principal or highest objective by nature? According to Aristotle, it is the attainment of happiness, for it is that alone that we seekRead MoreThe Theory And Ethics Of Care873 Words   |  4 Pagesby the moral virtues and intellectual virtues. Virtue ethics is known as virtue theory; which is an approach to ethics that emphasizes an individual’s character element through ethical thinking rather than rules about deontological or consequentialism. It is also said that virtue does not primarily identify universal principles that can be applied to moral situations, but uses deontological and consequentialist to identify principles. This theory shows that it is based on an individual rather thanRead MoreDeontological and Teleological Ethical Theory1660 Words   |  7 PagesTeleological Ethics = Consequentialist Ethics Morality of an act is based on the outcome or consequence of the act Deontological Ethics = Non - Consequentialist Ethics Morality of an act is based in the act itself. Types of Teleological Ethics 1. Utilitarianism – Utilitarian moral theory is classical utilitarianism, 2. Varieties of ancient Greek virtue ethics – Aristotle Ethics is an Example a. The goal of ethics is to explain how one achieves the good life for human beings. There areRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Theological Theory1317 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism is a theological theory that seeks to maximize utility. It claims that pleasure and happiness are good and we should seek it out to bring more to the world. Utilitarianism fails to deliver an acceptable account for differentiating between different means towards ends, regarding only ends as having moral worth. The major problems with it being that it is provisional, and it’s nearly impossible to apply to a situation. Utilitarianism provides no clear way to distinguish dissimilar activitiesRead MoreKey Features of Utilitarianism868 Words   |  4 Pagesutilitarianism and its weaknesses. The Theory of Utilitarianism comes from its name from the Latin word ‘Utilis’, meaning ‘useful’. It was first developed by Jeremy Bentham, Philosopher and legal theorist of the 18th century. Bentham produced a modern approach of morality which would suit the changing world of the industrial age. This was also the era of enlightenment. Utilitarianism can be regarded as a consequentialist and teleological system of ethics, providing no strict moral rules but judgingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Nicomachean Ethics1367 Words   |  6 Pages Olivia Schoen Dan Brown Ethics 101 8 April 2015 Nicomachean Ethics As one of the greatest philosophers of all time, Aristotle was one of the greats. He altered history and the way our world views philosophy and ethics. One of his theories of ethics that he written in the form of 10 books was Nicomachean Ethics, this theory consisted of Aristotle’s perspective on the life of man and what makes a good life for man. Personally, I think his theory of ethics is a good outline of how to be an ethicalRead MoreEssay on Utilitarian vs Nihilist1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals, which prove to be the subject of discussion for philosophers when they’re going over ethics. This differentiation is also what can be given credit for why good versus evil is so compelling, in media the line between good and evil is often blurred in some places, requiring the viewer to make their own judgement on the ethics of characters, their actions, and their motivations. Depending on the ethics of the viewer characters can be judged on different criteria, for some i t is only the intention

The Climate And Geography Of The Gulf Of Mexico - 1623 Words

Welcome to Grecho, a city found in Norway just by the Oslofjord, and where technology and nature coexist. The Gulf of Mexico brings in warm water making Grecho much milder than where its latitude will demand. The summer temperatures can range from 51 - 69.8 ° F, but during spring, maximum temperatures don’t go past 60.8 ° F. Winter is somewhat drier than summer, lasting from November to March, and temperatures can even go below 19.8 ° F. Although it stays at a pretty warm temperature throughout summer and spring, people like to come during winter the most. Skiing, ice skating, and snowboarding is what we’re all about during the winter time. Grecho is geographically situated at the top of Oslofjord. Our city is inclosed by protected forests and mountains. The highest mountain situated within our city limits is the Kirkeberg (629 meters). Two thirds of our city is covered in protected forests, hills, and lakes, making it a great place to tour and travel through. The climate and geography in Grecho is quite favorable, but you haven’t seen anything until you’ve seen our unique features and innovations. Agriculture, flourishing nature, and eco-friendly energy solutions, are only a few things we are making into innovative features in Grecho. One thing Grecho is known for is it’s major composting and agricultural buildings. Composting is a big thing in our city, and we want to focus on it because it saves money, saves resources, improves the soil we use for our agriculture, andShow MoreRelatedThe Water Systems And Landforms1012 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction While studying water systems and landforms in our lab, we begin to wonder about certain climates and regions. In this paper, I will discuss the water systems and landforms found in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, as well as two other cities in the United States. I will explore the amount of water that comes and leaves their systems, as well as the natural landforms that occupy their regions. Background Throughout this paper, there are terms you will need to know. While discussing the waterRead MoreHistory And Background Of Mexican Food History Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesREGIONAL CUISINE OF MEXICO UNIT STANDARD-22034 PIC-1 (afifaskana, n/d) NAME-B SAI ABHIGNAN REDDY (ABHI) STUDENT-ID 12757 CLASS ID-DDCPCKYJUL15F2 TUTOR-JONATHAN O’SHEA CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND BACKGROUND MEXICAN FOOD HISTORY GEOGRAPHY WORLD MAP GEOGRAPHICAL MAP TRADE TOPOGRAPHY CLIMATE CLIMATE GRAPH RESOURCES LIST OF FOOD GROWS CLUTURE AND USE INTRODUCTION ABH HISTORYRead MoreA Brief Note On Climate And Mixed And Coniferous Forests856 Words   |  4 PagesCompetency 13 - C: Climate and Mixed and Coniferous Forests Climate and latitude play an important part in how vegetation develops in a given area. Plants, especially trees and shrubs which make up the majority of many forests, adapt over time to a given environment and location. In the more southern latitudes you will often find that tropical vegetation such as palm trees and succulent shrubs will dominate the local ecosystem. Within the more northern latitudes, vegetation will often vary betweenRead MoreEssay on Mexican Cuisine1024 Words   |  5 PagesMexican Cuisine Mexican cuisine is a style of food that originates in Mexico. It is known for its varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of spices and ingredients, many of which are native to the country. What makes a meal distinctly Mexican, of course, are the lively seasonings. Not all Mexican recipes are fiery, though; while renowned for their heat, many subtle and intriguing spice combinations are also found in Mexican fare. 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This area â€Å"includes more than 7,000 islands; of those, 13 are independent island countries and some are dependencies or overseas territories of other nations. In addition, that large number includes islets (very small rocky islands); cays (small, low islands composedRead MoreMexico : Physical Geography : Mexico1556 Words   |  7 PagesMexico Physical Geography: Mexico is a famous country which is located in the southern part of North America. I went to Cancun in spring 2012. It was an amazing trip. I really enjoyed the nature there. Most of Mexico s land is covered by mountains, with only about a third of the land being flat. Moreover, there are five main areas in Mexico. The first one is The Central Plateau which is located just south of The United States. It increases in altitude from the north to south from more thanRead MoreMexico : A Beautiful Beaches Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesMexico is known for its beautiful beaches. Many tourist travel to Cabo San Lucas where many of the most famous beaches are located. However there is a lot more interesting features about this country that is unknown to many, such as Mexico’s geography, the many cultures that reside within the country, the political aspect of Mexico and what the future for Mexico will look like. Mexico is the northern region on the American continent between Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Mexico is borderedRead MoreAn X-Ray of Mexico Essay1828 Words   |  8 PagesMexico is one of the most interesting countries in our world today; from the land features such as the high plateau and the mountain chains, to the culture that the people of Mexico practice in their every day lives. The connection between both physical and human geography in Mexico, run hand in hand together. Therefore, in this paper, I will be identifying the different aspects of both physical and human geographical ideas and practices, that Mexico possesses. The physical geography of MexicoRead MoreEssay on Geography of Dallas1554 Words   |  7 Pagesbe the largest city as well as the center of it all; and it also could be used as a good representation of the state’s overall average climate. The Dallas â€Å"metroplex is located in North Central Texas, approximately 250 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico† (Dallas/Fort Worth Climatology). To appreciate the large and intricate city, it is valuable to know the climate, vegetation, soils, landforms, and the environmental issues that are present in Dallas, and see how they affect one another. The temperature

Battle of Marathon Free Essays

The battle of Marathon is one of history’s most famous military engagements. It is also one of the earliest recorded battles. Their victory over the Persian invaders gave the fledgling Greek city states confidence in their ability to defend themselves and belief in their continued existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Marathon or any similar topic only for you Order Now The battle is therefore considered a defining moment in the development of European culture. In September of 490 BC a Persian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion force of approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on Greek soil just north of Athens. Their mission was to crush the Greek states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Persian rule. Undaunted by the numerical superiority of the invaders, Athens mobilized 10,000 hoplite warriors to defend their territory. The two armies met on the Plain of Marathon twenty-six miles north of Athens. The flat battlefield surrounded by hills and sea was ideal for the Persian cavalry. Surveying the advantage that the terrain and size of their force gave to the Persians, the Greek generals hesitated. One of the Greek generals – Miltiades – made a passionate plea for boldness and convinced his fellow generals to attack the Persians. Miltiades ordered the Greek hoplites to form a line equal in length to that of the Persians. Then – in an act that his enemy believed to be complete madness – he ordered his Greek warriors to attack the Persian line at a dead run. In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, but the flanks were able to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed. The remaining Persians escaped on their ships and made an attempt to attack what they thought was an undefended Athens. However, the Greek warriors made a forced march back to Athens and arrived in time to thwart the Persians. â€Å"With you it rests, Callimachus† – Indecision before battle Known as the â€Å"Father of History†, Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a few years after it occurred. We join his account as the Athenians arrive at the battleground and are joined by a force of approximately 1000 of their Plataean allies. The Greek military leaders split on whether they should immediately attack the invaders or wait for reinforcements: ADVERTISMENT â€Å"The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid. The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions. Some advised not to risk a battle, because they were too few to engage such a host as that of the Persians. Others were for fighting at once. Among these last was Miltiades. He therefore, seeing that opinions were thus divided, and that the less worthy counsel appeared likely to prevail, resolved to go to the polemarch [an honored dignitary of Athens], and have a conference with him. For the man on whom the lot fell to be polemarch at Athens was entitled to give his vote with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal right of voting with them. The polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnre; to him therefore Miltiades went, and said: ‘With you it rests, Callimachus, either to bring Athens to slavery, or, by securing her freedom, to be remembered by all future generations. For never since the time that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a danger as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Persians, the woes which they will have to suffer†¦ are already determined. If, on the other hand, they fight and overcome, Athens may rise to be the very first city in Greece. ‘ ‘We generals are ten in number, and our votes are divided: half of us wish to engage, half to avoid a combat. Now, if we do not fight, I look to see a great disturbance at Athens which will shake men’s resolutions, and then I fear they will submit themselves. But, if we fight the battle before any unsoundness shows itself among our citizens,†¦ we are well able to overcome the enemy. ‘ ‘On you therefore we depend in this matter, which lies wholly in your own power. You have only to add your vote to my side and your country will be free – and not free only, but the first state in Greece. Or, if you prefer to give your vote to them who would decline the combat, then the reverse will follow. ‘ Miltiades by these words gained Callimachus; and the addition of the polemarch’s vote caused the decision to be in favor of fighting. ‘† The Battle Begins Miltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian army. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. â€Å"The Athenians†¦ charged the barbarians at a run. Now the distance between the two armies was little short of eight furlongs [approximately a mile] The Persians, therefore, when they saw the Greeks coming on at speed, made ready to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction; for they saw a mere handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the barbarians; but the Athenians in close array fell upon them, and fought in a manner worthy of being recorded. They were the first of the Greeks, so far as I know, who introduced the custom of charging the enemy at a run, and they were likewise the first who dared to look upon the Persian garb, and to face men clad in that fashion. Until this time the very name of the Persians had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. The two armies fought together on the plain of Marathon for a length of time; and in the mid-battle the barbarians were victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the inner country; but on the two wings the Athenians and the Plataeans defeated the enemy . Having so done, they suffered the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wings in one, fell upon those who had broken their own center, and fought and conquered them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the runaways and cut them down, chasing them all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called aloud for fire. † The Persians Attack Athens Miltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian army. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. â€Å"†¦ the Athenians secured in this way seven of the vessels; while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and taking aboard their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had left them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the return of the Athenians. The Persians accordingly sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible speed marched away to the defense of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the appearance of the barbarians†¦ The barbarian fleet arrived, and lay to off Phalerum, which was at that time the haven of Athens; but after resting awhile upon their oars, they departed and sailed away to Asia. † References: Herodotus’s account appears in: Davis, William Sterns, Readings in Ancient History (1912); Creasy, Edward, The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1969). How to cite Battle of Marathon, Papers

Experimental Research free essay sample

This paper explores the experimental research method and specifically the experiment conducted by Professor Smith, a Psychology professor who has a hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory, to determine the flaws in her experiment. In the process, the paper also clearly explains the various key factors which determine the outcome and accuracy of the method of experimental research, such as dependent variables, independent variables, experimental groups, and control groups. This paper examines the factors that render Professor Smith’s experiment as flawed, and finally attempts to redesign an experiment to successfully test the effects of Vitamin E on memory. Experimental Research and The Key Components of A Successful Experiment Experimental research is the scientific method used by psychologists to answer some important cause and effect questions about behaviour and other phenomena of interest. Experimental research investigates the relationship between variables by intentionally causing a change in one variable in a situation, and then studying the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation ( Feldman amp; Dinardo, 2012 ). We will write a custom essay sample on Experimental Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The independent variable in experimental research is manipulated by the researcher and is the variable whose effects the researcher attempts to investigate. The dependent variable in experimental research is the response or effect acquired as a result of the independent variable. Participants in experimental research are always divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group is the group participating in an experiment which receives a treatment in order to assess the effects of the independent variable on that group, while the control group receives no treatment. The experimental group’s behaviours or actions in a situation are manipulated by the independent variable, while the control group is not influenced in any way by the independent variable being investigated. The control group has to be equal in all aspects to the experimental group except for the presence of the independent variable, which would differentiate the behaviours, events, or other characteristics of the two groups. This is done in order to accurately investigate the true effects of an independent variable. Professor Smith’s Experiment Professor Smith conducts an experiment to test her hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory. Before a quiz in her class, she provides half the class with lemonade juice-boxes and Vitamin E, which is the independent variable in this experiment. The remaining half of the class aren’t given anything. Professor Smith divides the class into two groups of twenty students. The first twenty students to arrive are made to sit in the front of the class, this is the experimental group who receive the independent variable, Vitamin E. The other twenty students are made to sit in the back, this is the control group who receive nothing. She then gives them a quiz. Once it is completed, she discovers that the experimental group who received Vitamin E scored an average of 3 points higher than the control group who received nothing. The score on the quiz is the dependent variable of this experiment, and the factor being measured in order to determine the effects of Vitamin E. Flaws of Professor Smith’s Experimental Design and Conclusion A set of meticulous guidelines need to be followed in order to conduct an experimental research and achieve an accurate result or conclusion. According to Abdi ( 2009 ), a researcher must impose controls to ensure that changes in the independent variable are the only things that affect the dependent variable in an experiment in order to ensure it’s validity. The first flaw with Professor Smith’s experimental design is that the controlled group received nothing while the experimental group received the Vitamin E and lemonade juice-boxes, which creates a psychological inequity. This could easily have had a demoralizing effect on the mental state of the control group and an encouraging effect on the experimental group, which would decrease the accuracy and validity of her findings as other factors beside the independent variable could have affected the dependent variable. Another flaw with her experimental design is the division of the experimental group and the control group into two seperate sections, creating a social inequity, specially as the first half of the students were allowed to sit in the front and the latter half were made to sit in the ramaining half of the class in the back. This could have created a sense of expectancy in the experimental group and compelled them to try harder, while the control group might have assumed they weren’t expected to do well and as a result not strive enough to succeed. According to Feldman and Dinardo ( 2012 ), one of the factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment is participant expectations. The participants in Professor Smith’s experiment were aware of their assigned groups, which could have raised or lowered their expectations, depending on the group to which they were assigned. Finally, the flaw with Professor Smith’s conclusion is that the experiment was conducted to test her hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory, but her conclusion was that Vitamin E makes one smarter. Aside from that, Professor Smith was also aware of the group to which a particular participant was assigned and this could have had an effect on her preference and partiality towards the participants. The conclusion, aside from being inaccurate, was irrelevant to the hypothesis. Redesigned Experiment In order to test the effects of Vitamin E on memory the experiment can be conducted with some necessary amendments to acquire an accurate dependent variable and a valid conclusion. First, in order to control the bias, there would need to be a placebo control group, which entails administering a fake independent variable to the control group. By doing this and maintaining equality between the experimental and control group in terms of resources provided, whether it’s a lemonade juice-box, controls would be imposed to ensure that changes in the independent variable are the only things that affect the dependent variable, and thus increase the validity of the experiment ( Abdi, 2009 ). Another important amendment needed would be randomly seating the two groups by using a method called the double-blind procedure, in which neither the researcher nor the participants would be aware of the particular group to which a participant elongs. Randomly seating the participants all around the classroom and not being aware of the group to which a participant is assigned would create equality, thus eliminate the possiblility of expectations distorting the dependent variable. Conclusion Experimental research depends on a few key components in order for it to be successful. A researcher must always impose stern controls to ensure tha t the only change affecting the dependent variable is the independent variable whose effects are being investigated.